UNHCR's policy on cessation clause of Rwandan refugees

・UNHCR, ‘Implementation of Comprehensive Strategy for the Rwandan Refugee Situation including UNHCR’s Recommendation on the Applicability of the ‘Ceased Circumstances’ Cessation Clause’ December 2011

・UNHCR, ‘Ministerial Meeting on the Comprehensive Solutions Strategy for Rwandan Refugees: Joint Communiqué’, October 2015

・23/ 07/2003 Tripartite Agreement signed in Rwanda between Uganda, Rwanda and UNHCR on repatriation of Rwandan refugees in Uganda. This Agreement established a legal and operational framework for voluntary repatriation of Rwandan refugees.

・Edwards, A 'Ending of refugee status for Rwandans approaching' 28 June 2013

・Siddiqui, Y. ‘Reviewing the application of the Cessation Clause of the 1951 Convention relating to the status of refugees in Africa’, Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre, August 2011 https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/publications/working-paper-series/wp76-reviewing-application-cessation-clause-1951-convention-2011.pdf

Cessation clause of Rwandan refugees

・International Symposium on 'World Refugees Day' 'International Cooperation and Rwandan Refugees: How to Prevent Atrocities and the Exodus of Refugees? ' June 20, 2014 at Rikkyo University

・Amnesty International ‘Memorandum to the government of Uganda about the Cessation of Refugee Protection for Rwandans’, 2011 l   https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/28000/afr590212011en.pdf

・Cliche-Rivard, G and Minos Mouzourakis, ‘An Experience of Failure: a Case Study of UNHCR’s Recommendation to Invoke the Cessation Clause on Rwandan Refugees’, Rights in Exile, 1 April 2014

・Cliche-Rivard, G 'Cessation Clause for Rwandan refugees raises questions' May 03, 2012  https://www.pambazuka.org/human-security/cessation-clause-rwandan-refugees-raises-questions

・Cwik, M. E. 'Forced to Flee and Forced to Repatriate? How the Cessation Clause of Article 1C(5) and (6) of

the 1951 Refugee Convention Operates in International Law and Practice' Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law Vol. 44:711(2011)

・Erliner, S. ‘Stateless’, 2013. l  https://vimeo.com/56649555

・Errera, R 'Cessation and Assessment of New Circumstances: a Comment on Abdulla, CJEU,2 March 2010', International Journal of Refugee Law Vol.23, No.3 (2011)

・Fahamu Refugee Programme, ‘Rwanda: Cessation of Refugee Status is Unwarranted’, September 22, 2011.

・Fitzpatrick, J. J & Susan Brotman. ‘Current Issues in Cessation of Protection Under Article 1C of the 1951 Refugee Convention and Article I.4 of the 1969 OAU Convention’ http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3bf925ef4.pdf

・Harrell-Bond, B. ‘Cessation Clause Uganda Style: Keynote Speech Delivered at the Northwestern University Conference on Human Rights, January 23, 2011’, Center for Forced Migration Studies Working Paper Series, Working Paper 11-001 January 2011  

・Harrell-Bond, B and Guillaume Cliche-Rivard, ‘Rwandan refugees face no choice but repatriation’, 10 May 2012 l  https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/barbara-harrell-bond-guillaume-cliche-rivard/rwandan-refugees-face-no-choice-but-repatriation

・Hathaway, J. C and Hugo Storey 'What is the Meaning of State Protection in Refugee Law? A Debate' ARGUMENT (HUGO STOREY) International Journal of Refugee Law Vol.28, No.3, 2016

・McMillan, K. E. ‘Uganda’s Invocation of Cessation Regarding its Rwandan Refugee Caseload: Lessons for International Protection’, International Journal of Refugee Law Vol24, No.2, 2012

・Parker, L 'Upholding Refugee Rights: Cessation, Transnationalism and Law’s Limitations in the Rwandan Case' African Human Mobility Review Vol. 1 No. 1, January – April, 2015

・Schreiner, T 'Cessation of refugee status in South Africa' Refugee Law in South Africa, Fatima Khan and Tal Scheiner(eds) Juta, South Africa.

・Sniderman, A. S. 'Explaining Delayed Cessation:A Case Study of Rwandan Refugees in Zimbabwe' International Journal of Refugee Law Vol.27, No.4, 2015

Criticism on protection and repatriation of Rwandan refugees (1996-7)

・Amnesty International. ‘Rwanda: Human Rights Overlooked in Mass Repatriation’, 1997

・Human Rights Watch, ‘In the Name of Security: Forced Round-Ups of Refugees in Tanzania’, Vol 11. No. 4, July 1999

・McNulty, M. ‘The Collapse of Zaire’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), 1999

・Umutesi, M. B. Surviving the Slaughter: The Ordeal of a Rwandan Refugee in Zaire, Univ of Wisconsin. 2004.

・Whitaker, B. E. ‘Changing Priorities in Refugee Protection: The Rwandan Repatriation from Tanzania’, Refugee Survey Quarterly Vol. 21, No.1&2, 2002.

Human security of Rwandan refugees

・Amnesty International, ‘Uganda Forcible Returns 1,700 Rwandan Asylum Seekers’, 16 July 2010.

・Foreign Affairs Committee, Subcommittee Hearing: Developments in Rwanda. Mr. David Himbara, Coordinator for the USA and Canada, Democracy in Rwanda Now (Former Aide to the President of Rwanda) and Major Robert Higiro, RDF, Retired,l  https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/subcommittee-hearing-developments-in-rwanda/

・Global Post, ‘Rwanda News: Sweden expels Rwanda diplomat for spying’, 14 February 2012. l  http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/africa-emerges/rwanda-news-sweden-expells-rwanda-diplomat-spying

・Human Rights Watch, ‘Rwanda: Repression Across Borders: Attacks and Threats Against Rwandan Opponents and Critics Abroad’, January 28, 2014 l   https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/28/rwanda-repression-across-borders

・International Refugee Rights Initiative and the Refugee Law Project, ‘A Dangerous Impasse: Rwandan Refugees in Uganda’, 2010.

・Insider, ‘Rwandans in diaspora warn Kagame on war, refugees’, April 16, 2016   http://www.theinsider.ug/rwandans-in-diaspora-warn-kagame-on-war-refugees/

・Mutuyimana, M. ‘The Wake of Prematurity of the Cessation Clause: Rwandan Government Orchestrating New Forms of Serious Threats against Rwandan Refugees in Uganda’, January 2015

・Nishimwe, L. Face2Face Africa, ‘Unable To Meet Immigration Requirements, Rwanda Refugees in Zambia Face Forced Repatriation’, August 04, 2015 https://face2faceafrica.com/article/rwanda-refugees-in-zambia

・Rever, J and Geoffrey York, ‘Assassination in Africa: Inside the plots to kill Rwanda’s dissidents’ The Globe and Mail, 05 November 2015  http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/secret-recording-says-former-rwandan-army-major-proves-government-hires-assassins-to-kill-critics-abroad/article18396349/

・Verdirame, G & Barbara Harrell-Bond, Rights in Exile: Janus-Faced Humanitarianism (Berghahn 2005)

・York, G. ‘Rwandan officer who leaked assassination-list evidence becomes a target’, 19 November 2015  http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rwandan-officer-who-leaked-assassination-list-evidence-becomes-a-target/article27382007/

Human rights violation by Rwandan government (RPF)and the political situation in Rwanda

・Amnesty International, ‘Safer to Stay Silent: The Chilling Effect of Rwanda’s Laws on ‘Genocide Ideology’ and ‘Sectarianism’, 2010.

・Amnesty International, ‘Justice in Jeopardy The First Instance Trial of Victoire Ingabire’, 2013

・Article 19, ‘Comment on the Law Relating to the Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Ideology of Rwanda’, 2009

・BBC, ‘Rwanda’s Untold Story’ October 1, 2014 https://vimeo.com/107867605

・Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, ‘Rwanda’s Application for Membership of the Commonwealth: Report and Recommendations of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative’, 2009

・Del Ponte, C. Madame Prosecutor: Confrontations with Humanity’s Worst Criminals and Culture of Impunity, Other Press, 2009.

・European Union Election Observation Mission, ‘Republic of Rwanda, Final Report: Legislative Elections to the Chamber of Deputies, 15 – 18 September 2008

・Gahima, G, Patrick Karegeya, Kayumba Nyamwasa and Theogene Rudasingwa, ‘Rwanda Briefing’, August 2010

・Human Rights Watch, ‘Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based Gacaca Courts’, May 2011.

・Jesuit Refugee Service, ‘Dawson Williams. ‘Is Rwanda Safe?―An inquiry into the reluctance of the Rwandan refugee community to repatriate’, 16 August 2004  https://www.jrs.net/assets/Publications/File/Rwanda.pdf

・Musabyimana, G. L’APR et les Réfugiés Rwandais au Zaire 1996–1997: Un génocide nié, 2008.

・Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Report of the Mapping Exercise documenting the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed within the territory of the DRC between March 1993 and June 2003, August 2010.

・Péan, P. Carnages : les Guerres Secretes des Grandes Puissances en Afrique, Fayard, 2010.

・Reuters, ‘Exclusive: Burundi rebels say trained by Rwandan military - U.N. experts’, Feb 3, 2016 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-rwanda-un-idUSKCN0VD04K

・Reyntjens, F. Political Governance in Post-Genocide, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

・Rudasingwa, T. Healing A Nation, A Testimony: Waging and Winning a Peaceful Revolution to Unite and Heal a Broken Rwanda, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.

・Ruzibiza, A. J. Rwanda, L’histoire Secrète, Panama, 2005.

・Sebarenzi, J. God Sleeps in Rwanda: A Journey of Transformation, Atria Paperback, 2011.

・Straus, S. and L. Waldorf eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence, 2011.

・Takeuchi, S. ‘Gacaca and DDR: The Disputable Record of State-Building in Rwanda’, Working Paper No.32, JICA Research Institute, 2011.

・Thomson, S. Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Postgenocide Rwanda, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2013.

・UN General Assembly, A/HRC/26/29/Add.2, ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Maina Kiai’, 16 September 2014

・Yonekawa, M. ‘The Prolonged and Flawed Nature of Contemporary Conflict and Peace Processes: “Spoiler” Phenomenon in the DR Congo’, Shawn Gonzales ed. Peace: Economic, Global and Social Challenges, 2016.

Response to Rwandan refugees in 1959

K. Long, 2013 ‘Rwanda’s First Refugees: Tutsi Exile and International Response 1959-64’, Journal of Eastern African Studies 6(2).

Refugees and international relations

Betts, A and Loecher (eds. ), Refugees in International Relations, OUP、2011.

UNHCR, refugee protection and repatriation

・Amnesty international 16 July 2010 https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2010/07/uganda-forcibly-returns-1700-rwandan-asylum-seekers/

・Chimni, B.S. ‘From Resettlement to Involuntary Repatriation: Towards a Critical History of Durable Solutions to Refugee Problems’, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 23, No.3, 2004

・Harrell-Bond, B. ‘Repatriation: Under What Conditions is it the Most Desirable Solution for Refugees? An Agenda for Research’, African Studies Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1989 (promotion of VolRep vs. spontaneous rep)

・Human Rights Watch, ‘Uncertain Refuge: International Failures to Protect Refugees’, April 1997 Vol. 9, No. 1 (G)  

・Long, K. The Point of No Return: Refugees, Rights, and Repatriation, OUP, 2013.

・Long, K. ‘Back to Where you Once Belonged: A Historical Review of UNHCR Policy and Practice on Refugee Repatriation’, PEDES/2013/14, 2013.

・Lyytinen, E. 'Refugees’ Conceptualizations of “Protection Space”: Geographical Scales of Urban Protection and Host–Refugee Relations' Refugee Survey Quarterly, No.34, 2015

・Souter, J. 2013, “Durable Solutions as Reparation for the Unjust Harms of Displacement: Who Owes What to Refugees”, Jornal of Refugee Studies 27(2) , 2013.

・Takahashi, S. ‘The UNHCR Handbook on Voluntary Repatriation: The Emphasis of Return over Protection’, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol.9, No.4, 1997

・UNHCR, Handbook Voluntary Repatriation: International Protection, 1996

・Zieck, M. UNHCR and Voluntary Repatriation of Refugees: A Legal Analysis, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997

Refugees, (human) security, militarization and conflict

・Clapham, C. African Guerrillas, Oxford: James Currey, 1998

・Lemarchand, R. Rwanda and Burundi, London: Pall Mall Press, 1970,

・Lemarchand, R. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cam. Univ. Press, 1996

・Lischer, S. K. Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid, New York: Cornell Univ Press, 2005, 80

・Mogire, E. Victims as Security Threats: Refugee Impact on Host State Security in Africa, Ashgate, 2011.

・Morris, E and Stephen J. Stedman, ‘Protracted refugee situations, conflict and security: The need for better diagnosis and prescription’, Loescher G.et al, Protracted Refugee Situations: Political, Human Rights and Security Implications, UNU, 2008.

Human security and national security

・Sen, S. ‘Between National Security and Human Security: Lessons from Lebanon’, Saul Takahashi ed., Human Rights, Human Security, and State Security: The Intersection (Praeger, 2014).

Forced displacement, repatriation, and peacebuilding

・Milner, J. ‘Refugees, Peacebuilding, and the Regional Dynamics of Conflict’, A. Betts and G. Loecher eds. Refugees in International Relations, Oxford. 2011.

・Milner, J. “Refugees and the Peacebuilding Process” Research Paper no.224”, New Issues in Ref Research, 2011.

・Milner, J. “Refugees and the Regional Dynamics of Peacebuilding”, Refugee Survey Quarterly 28(1), 2009.

・Coffie, 2014, “Filling in the Gap: Refugee Returnees Deploy Higher Education Skills to Peacebuilding”, Refugee Survey Quarterly 33(4)

Other caseloads

・Kaiser, T, 2010, “Dispersal, Division and Diversification: Durable Solutions and Sudanese Refugees, in Uganda”, Jornal of Eastern African Studies 4(1).